Top To Bottom By R.J. Moray
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Abstract:The biological actions of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been investigated intensively for over 100 years and has led to the identification of significant insights into the repertoire of its biological actions. These were initially established to be centered on the regulation of calcium transport in the colon and deposition in bone. Beyond these well-known calcemic roles, other roles have emerged in the regulation of cell differentiation processes and have an impact on metabolism. The purpose of the current review is to consider where applying systems biology (SB) approaches may begin to generate a more precise understanding of where the VDR is, and is not, biologically impactful. Two SB approaches have been developed and begun to reveal insight into VDR biological functions. In a top-down SB approach genome-wide scale data are statistically analyzed, and from which a role for the VDR emerges in terms of being a hub in a biological network. Such approaches have confirmed significant roles, for example, in myeloid differentiation and the control of inflammation and innate immunity. In a bottom-up SB approach, current biological understanding is built into a kinetic model which is then applied to existing biological data to explain the function and identify unknown behavior. To date, this has not been applied to the VDR, but has to the related ERα and identified previously unknown mechanisms of control. One arena where applying top-down and bottom-up SB approaches may be informative is in the setting of prostate cancer health disparities.Keywords: vitamin D receptor; systems biology; cell differentiation; prostate cancer
A notable example occurs with the moray eel. The pharyngeal jaws of most fishes are not mobile. The pharyngeal jaws of the moray are highly mobile, perhaps as an adaptation to the constricted nature of the burrows they inhabit which inhibits their ability to swallow as other fishes do by creating a negative pressure in the mouth. Instead, when the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the moray eel's gullet, allowing it to be swallowed.[23]
Building on a large volume of recent research in talent identification and development, this paper future directions for research and practice. We suggest that strategic coherence become a greater point of emphasis in both, with the Performance, Outcome and Process framework holding the potential to signal various markers of effectiveness. Secondly, greater recognition of the need to deploy limited resources where they promote movement toward these markers of effectiveness. Finally, we make recommendations for the operationalising of strategy in talent and performance systems by considering the integration of top down and bottom-up strategic processes.
Swimming the length of the reef area, a diver will encounter a diverse bottom topography that includes isolated large brain coral heads and coral canyons that are fun to explore. Everything from the smallest coral polyp to the occasional shark can be seen on a dive. Visibility varies greatly depending on the wind and sea state as well as the tide. If it is calm and sunny, or if an east wind has blown Gulf Stream water in over the reef, you can expect visibility to be 50 to 100 feet. If it has been rough for a few days, the visibility can drop to 10-15 feet. When calm, it is a great place for snorkelers and scuba divers to swim together-a nice plus for diving parents with younger children.
The reef here has deep surge channels in a regular pattern called a \"spur-and- groove\" formation. The reef is covered with large, wildly shaped basket sponges, some of them big enough to hide a diver. The shapes of the sponges comprise a living Rorschach test. You will see characters, body parts, gnomes, and anything else you might care to share with your psychiatrist. The swift currents of the Gulf Stream usually keep the water out here especially clear, and large eagle rays, sharks, and other pelagics cruise the reef. The depth of a dive can range from 55-95 feet before you run out of sloping reef and hit sand bottom.
The sandy area inside the reef is 35-40 feet deep. As you swim towards the ocean, it gets shallower, with depths of 20-25 feet. On the north side of the inner area, there is a small wall that drops from 20 feet down to 38 feet. It is undercut with small coral caves and frequented by large schools of small bait-fish. The area under the ledges has schools of copper sweepers and several large moray eels; on top of the ledges, brilliant red sponges grow. Thanks to the good light penetration, the colorful ledges and schools of fish make this area a feast for the underwater photographer.
The Pacific Reef deep area starts on the boundary of the park in about 60 feet of water. Here, scuba divers will find and attractive series of ledges that run out to about 90 feet before dropping off to a sand bottom. The concessionaire takes divers out to a small wall in this area, where a drift dive allows the diver to be swept along by the Gulf Stream, moving effortlessly past the scenery. Divers must be experienced; because they must be able to clear their ears and descend rapidly to the bottom before being blown off the reef by the current.
These barrier reefs fringe the ocean side of the park. All have very shallow areas offering opportunities for snorkelers. A tall light tower marks Fowey Rocks similar to those on Pacific and Triumph reefs. With a depth sounder you can find good places to scuba dive on the deep side of anyone of these sites. Mostly, you will find reefs with surge channels running east and west in a spur-and-groove formation. The depths range from about 45 to about 100 feet, where the reef generally falls off into a sand bottom.
This ship was in service as a windjammer charter boat with charter guests on board when it wrecked on January 2, 1966, and came to rest on Long Reef. Thanks to a serious navigational error and rough seas, the captain had the 128-foot steel schooner some 20 miles off course and, just before dawn, sailed the ship hard aground. Salvage was attempted but some seams broke and the ship sank not far from where she had first struck the reef. There are mooring buoys and do not anchor in the wreck, as anchors tend to tear the wreck up and cause it to deteriorate. This site is a wonderful place for snorkelers and for beginning scuba divers. It is tough to find more than twenty feet of water; most of the area is only 10 to 15 feet deep. The wreck rises up off the bottom almost to the surface. The structure is loaded with fish and delicately covered with gorgonians and fire coral. Large schools of yellowtail snapper cruise in and out around the wreckage and on several occasions we have spotted small nurse sharks cruising the area.
If it were intact, this would be a fine example of a pre-1900 wooden schooner. What you see on the bottom, however, is a pile of stones used as ballast. The rest of the wreck has either deteriorated or is buried under the sand. The site is marked with a park-mooring buoy and is shallow enough for snorkelers. As this is a historic wreck, remember not to remove any artifacts.
This wreck is in about 20-35 feet of water south of the Mandalay and out on the edge of the park boundary on Long Reef. There are three white park mooring buoys on this site. The Lugano was a 350-foot British steamer on its way to Havana from Miami when, slightly off course in high seas and strong winds, it went aground in March of 1913. The passengers and cargo were taken to Key West, but a salvage attempt was unsuccessful. All usable materials were stripped from the ship and the hull was allowed to sink. The wreckage is fairly flattened, consisting mostly of deck plates and some machinery, but the outline of the ship is clearly visible. Fish are plentiful here as they use that the structure for cover. A couple of moray eels and at least one octopus call the site home. It is an excellent site for novice divers. On our dives on this wreck we did notice quite a few scorpion fish lying about on the wreckage so be careful where you put your hands: their dorsal fins have poisonous spines. 781b155fdc